This course examines the historical development of the United States from the early colonial period to the end of the nineteenth century. Beginning with the establishment of the Thirteen Colonies, it explores the political, cultural, and economic foundations of the emerging American nation. Key topics include the American Revolution, the creation of the Constitution, westward expansion, slavery, and sectional conflict. The course concludes with an in-depth study of the Civil War, Reconstruction, the rise of segregation and Jim Crow laws, and the transformations of the Gilded Age. Through lectures, readings, and debate sessions, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the forces that shaped early American society and its transition into a modern industrial nation.